Digitalization, as a concept is not restricted to urban areas but also has been making inroads into rural India and holds the prospect. As estimated by McKinsey Global Institute, India is one of the largest and fastest-growing markets for digital consumers with more than 560 million internet subscribers, after China. So, there is more space and opportunity in rural areas towards digitalization.
Digitization and technology can ease the approach and applicable of new services and products be made available to meet the growing target of the underserved and unreached rural India. Rural India is expected to jump towards urban India and constitute above 50% of all Indian internet users by 2022. Digitization can be provided with some of the key needs of rural India including e-governance services, banking and financial services, educational and healthcare services, mobile/DTH recharge, e-ticketing services, online shopping, etc.
Near about 10 years ago, the government, with the help of its flagship National e-Governance Plan, envisaged to empower rural citizens by making available various government services to them via electronic media and created access points, i.e., common service centers run by village-level entrepreneurs (VLEs) at the village and gram panchayat level.
The Impact of MGNREGA–CFT Programme: Employment, poverty, infrastructure development, F T O.
The majority of people of these countries are still rural and agriculture is the dominant source of employment. Around 70% of the populations are living in rural areas and depending on agriculture and maximum are youth who are unemployed which leads them to move to urban areas from villages in search of better employment as well as better life.
They are migrating towards cities due to limited resources, weak infrastructure, and unemployment in rural areas. So, in connection to youth from the rural background, Agribusiness can prove an important tool to stop the exodus of rural youth from rural to urban areas. Agribusiness provides various employment opportunities in the areas of agricultural inputs, crop production, agro chemicals, fruit and vegetable cultivation, agricultural marketing and processing of agricultural produce. Agribusiness helps in making rural youth to become an agri-preneur which will help in remunerative farming which further leads to increases the level of income, employment and living standard of people in rural India.
An agri-preneur may start an agro business, change a business direction, acquire a business or may be involved in innovative activity of value addition. However, with the increasing number of workers in rural areas, agriculture alone will not solve the problem of unemployment in rural areas. The rural non-farm sector, therefore, has become an important source of employment. The importance of the non-farm sector as a source of employment is well recognised in the process of development.
For most rural people in developing economies, rural non-farm activities are part of a diversified livelihood portfolio. However, there are large variations in the share of non -farm income in poor countries. In regional terms, average non -farm income shares in rural areas are higher in Africa (42%) and Latin America (40%) than Asia (32%) (Reardon, 1997).
There is also some evidence to suggest that income diversification may have increased in recent years. For example, Sub-Saharan Africa is becoming steadily less agrarian and increasingly more reliant on non -farm sources of income. Also, in rapidly growing East Asian countries like South Korea, the rate of growth of income generated in the rural non -farm sector has been substantial. In surplus labour countries of South Asia such as India and China, this sector is absorbing a growing amount of human labour.
In the context of India, diversification in rural employment has gained significant importance over time which has been studied by several researchers over the past two decades. Importantly, the non-farm sector’s share in employment (principal and subsidiary status) increased during the period 1993-94 to 2009- 10. However, if we compute the growth rate of non -farm employment (NFE) for different periods and make a comparison, we can note that the annual growth of non -farm employment has decreased during 1993-94 to 1999-00, the early years of economic liberalization. However, the situation changes during 1999-00 to 2004-05, when the growth rate of non-farm employment show an upturn. The situation again reversed during 2004-05 to 2009-10.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) enacted by the legislation of India on 25 August 2005 and as notified on September 7, 2005, it was renamed as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on 2nd October 2009 on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The Act guarantees to provide 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Wages are paid to the MGNREGA beneficiaries according to the state-wise Government of India notified MGNREGA wages or according to piece rate as per the Schedule of Rates (SoRs).
The Act mandates that payment of wages has to be done on a weekly basis and it cannot be delayed more than 15 days, checking migration, and building rural infrastructure. Incorrect data of workers in the official MGNREGA website (NREGA Soft) is a common reason for delays in wage payments. To mitigate this problem, the CFTs should verify the NREGA Soft data by examining the job card and pass book of workers. The required corrections in NREGA Soft are to be made by the computer operator and the CFTs have to monitor this task of Fund Transfer Order (FTO).
Through this the track of the Data will be available for all the concerned Govt. and Non- Governmental Departments who have been working for the development of rural areas of India. By this, the transparency will be maintained and the wages will be directly transferred to the accounts of beneficiaries which can be monitored by any concerned person and the updated data will be available with the help of digitization process in the first few years of MGNREGA implementation, the payment of wages to beneficiaries was done in cash. In order to bring about transparency in wage payments and prevent misappropriations of funds, the Act was subsequently modified with the support of the central Cluster Facilitation Team (CFTs).
Finally, there is a need for the job not only for the urban market but also for the rural masses. Rural development not just develops the livelihood of rural people but the overall economy of the country. There are certain factors that act as the hindrance of development, and in which Lack of awareness is the major cause that is affecting the development.
If rural masses also get the job, then it will increase the per capita income and can boost the GDP of the country in addition to fulfilling the need for a job for rural people. Education and Technology are the two basic things that help the rural people to keep them updated with all the government policies which the government is providing to develop them and their livelihood. The main occupation of the people of rural areas is Agriculture and by the use of the latest technologies and equipment, they can enhance their productivity through proper irrigation and cultivation.
The use of technology in education that is e-Learning can be a favorable way to make education interesting for the children of rural areas and that also helps them to connect with the technology from the beginning. If we talk about the adults then it is difficult to educate them through alphabets and letters but by E- learning it will be easy to develop and make them aware of the new changes.
It is correctly said by the former President of India and greatest scientist Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – ‘’All the scientists and technologists should work in the appropriate region, specifically the rural technologies, to transform the Indian rural sector.’’- However, the Government should also ensure maximizing such a job portal enabling the intake of jobs both quantitatively and qualitatively as well by the rural areas to boost the job availability for the people residing in rural households thus making them socially and financially rich. Concluding with a verse by Einstein- “It is madness to solve complex problems with the same ideas that have caused those problems.”!
Writer is a Sr. Journalist and political critic.